Comparing Othello by William Shakespeare and the Film Othello Essay

An update of Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’ with a youthful cast, set in a secondary school and based on ball player Odin. Executive: Tim Blake Nelson Writers: William Shakespeare (play), Brad Kaaya (screenplay) Stars: Mekhi Phifer, Josh Hartnett, Andrew Keegan The film begins during a ball game. Ultimately Odin scores the container that dominates the match for his group. Later at an honors function Duke presents the MVP grant to Odin for his endeavors, an honor he imparts to Michael. At a gathering commending the triumph, Hugo plans with Roger to reveal to Desi’s father that Odin assaulted her so as to separate them so that Roger can charm her. Roger, be that as it may, is just a pawn in Hugo’s extreme intend to wreck Odin. Later in another game Odin’s group wins by and by. At the festival party, Hugo designs a battle among Roger and an extremely smashed Michael, who is incidentally suspended from the group. Hugo advises Michael to charm himself with Desi so she will converse with Odin for his sake. Before long a while later, Hugo reveals to Odin that Desi and Michael have been hanging out, and that she might be undermining him. Odin doesn’t accept this from the start, however step by step comes to presume them. Odin questions Desi, yet she quiets him down and he trusts her. Meanwhile, Hugo controls Emily into taking a scarf for him that Odin had given to Desi. Hugo, thus, offers it to Michael with the expectation that Odin will accept that Desi gave Michael the scarf, as is undermining him. Then, Desi and Odin are having enthusiastic sex at an inn. During their lovemaking, Odin sees a picture of Michael on Desi in the mirror; rankled, he turns out to be unpleasant with Desi, to the point that she shouts out for him to stop, a supplication he disregards. A short time later, they lie together gazing in inverse ways. After a dunk challenge in which Odin himself plays out a dunk that pulls the edge and breaks the glass backboard and attacks a ball kid, Hugo educates Odin regarding the scarf, persuading him that Desi is undermining him. Chafed, Odin pledges to slaughter her; Hugo at that point vows to execute Michael. Hugo, with Odin and Roger, plans to slaughter Michael and Desi. Hugo and Roger endeavor to execute Michael in a carjacking, however it doesn't go as arranged: Roger and Michael battle, Hugo hits Michael with a crowbar, thumping him oblivious. Roger shoots Michael in the leg, and afterward Hugo turns the firearm on Roger and makes him shoot himself subsequent to revealing to him that Desi is dead. Odin and Desi are in Desi’s room talking and Odin is professing to make up with her. They are making out on the bed when abruptly Odin assaults her; she retaliates, however he at long last chokes her. Emily races into the room and sees Desi’s body; she before long discovers what Hugo has done. She starts revealing to Odin that Hugo advised her to take the scarf and uncovered his plot. Hugo advises her to quiet down, however she won't, so he shoots and executes her. Odin at long last understands that Hugo has been controlling him the whole time, and requests to know why; Hugo will not reply. At the point when the police show up, Odin mentions to them what occurred, and ends it all, shooting himself in the heart. The story closes with Hugo being taken into police authority, saying (in voice over) that he will have his day at the center of attention. Mekhi Phifer as Odin James The star b-ball player, who gets more consideration from Hugo’s father than Hugo. He is additionally dating Desi. Josh Hartnett as Hugo Goulding The child of mentor Duke Goulding, and envious of Odin’s consideration from his dad. Julia Stiles as Desi Brable Odin’s sweetheart Andrew Keegan as Michael Cassio The eclipsed star on the b-ball group due to Odin. Downpour Phoenix as Emily Friend of Desi. Elden Henson as Roger Calhoun A child tormented at school who is singled out by Michael. Martin Sheen as Coach Duke Goulding, the mentor of the Hawks. Father of Hugo. John Heard as Dean Bob Brable Father of Desi. Rachel Shumate as Brandy Michael’s love intrigue. Film industry

HRM Issues in China Essay examples -- Human Resources Management Chine

Issues influencing International Human Resource Management in China â€Å"Napoleon considered China a resting mythical beast and said there would be burden to the world when the mythical serpent gets up. As the world knows, the winged serpent is more than stirring.† Presentation The Chinese accept that the Great Dragon administered the Middle Kingdom of the world for almost 4,000 years. For a large portion of this period China was an incredible exchanging country. At that point the winged serpent nodded off for two centuries, while China fallen under the impacts of expansionism, until in 1978 Deng Xiao Ping woke the mythical serpent up. What's more, presently the Chinese mythical serpent is back, hungry to have its spot as the financial and social superpower of the 21st century. These days China is frequently called the world’s biggest market. Numerous individuals may feel that it is anything but difficult to begin business in China and that achievement is ensured as a result of the gigantic capability of the market. In any case, that isn’t valid. Making fruitful business in China isn't that simple as it would appear. There are numerous potential issues which can emerge. For example the Chinese civilisation is 5,000 years of age and in view of that the Chinese culture, custom and worth framework significantly affect the diverse business forms. As the biggest nation in populace, China has 50 or more extraordinary minority gatherings of individuals each have its own way of life, custom, standard, convention, even special occasions and dialects. Likewise, as one of the best three countries in land size, China is geologically partitioned into numerous local communities the country over every ha one of a kind social viewpoints as far as convention, esteem, social standard, conviction, and authoritative highlights. Those one of a kind social variables will introduce various difficulties to remote financial specialists and worldwide joint endeavor administrators. In this paper I need to examine issues affecting human asset the board which is, as indicated by numerous outside administrators, the best test for Western organizations in China today. The importance of culture in universal Human Resource Management As per Hofstede the impact of national culture is essential to the board for three reasons. The first is political and institutional. There are contrasts between the nations in formal organizations, for example, government, lawful frameworks, instructive frameworks, work and employer’s affiliation, and the manner in which they are utilized. The secon... ...- 158. Hofstede, Geert: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_china.shtml, 1.12.2004. Huo, Paul/von Glinow, Mary Ann: On transplanting human asset practices to China: A culture-driven methodology, International Journal of Manpower 16(9), 1995, p. 3 - 15. Huczynski, Andrzej/Buchanan, David: Hierarchical Behavior †An Introductory Text, fourth version, London: Prentice Hall, 2001. McClenahen, John S.: China’s Cultural Challenge, Industry Week 253(4), 2004, p. 10 - 12. Meier, Johannes/Perez, Javier/McKinsey: Understanding the riddle: MNCs in China, Business Source Premier Database, 1995. Scarborough, Jack: Looking at Chinese and Western Cultural Roots: Why ‘East is East and †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Business Horizons 41(6), 1998, p. 43 - 50. Wang, Yuan/Zhang, Xin Sheng/Goodfellow, Rob: Business Culture in China, first release, Singapore: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998. Wilson, Jonathan/Brennan, Ross: Market passage strategies for western firms in China, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 15(4), 2003, p. 3 - 18. Yang, Jiaqin/Lee, Huei: Distinguishing key elements for effective joint endeavor in China, Industrial Management and Data Systems 102(2), 2002, p. 98 - 109.

[guest post] from the vault hall exchange notes

[guest post] from the vault hall exchange notes in late february of 2017 me and jessica t. 20 did a hall exchange. a hall exchange is where two people, who live on different halls and almost always on different dorms, live in each others rooms for several days to explore what living in that hall is like. there are semi-official programs that facilitate such transfers, but jessica and i knew each other well enough by this time and arranged the exchange ourselves. we decided we would to a joint blog post and write about our experiences, but never got to finish it. two years later, jessica and i are neighbors at next house. instead of studying 6.857 notes like i should be or writing up the 6.033 design project preliminary report so nisha doesnt yell at me, i scrolled down and down and down in my google drive and found the incomplete logs. reading them over, theyre such a throwback and deserve to be on the blogs, even though theyre not really finished. agent jynnie day 1 feb 26 Arrived at East Campus with three bags, hoping this is enough to survive out in the wild. Thankfully was able to enter the premises undetected and without any trouble as agent june opened the door for me. The climb to 5West was not terribly laborious and was well greeted when I entered 5W. The TV lounge had perhaps five or so people sitting on the couches watching the Oscars and agent June introduced me to Joon1 (Ree), Joon2 (Jessica), Joon3 (??), and Joon8 (Allan). On the blackboard behind the TV (which I learn was donated by a resident who won a hackathon prize from DirectTV), there is a small family tree that disintegrates into Juans upon Juans. I was then shown my quarters for the next week, a rather spacious single with one large window opposite the door, white walls, a desk only a little smaller than my own, a bed, a rather tall bookshelf, a drawer, a sink, and a fridge. What particularly caught my attention was the high ceiling and two League of Legends posters on the wall. The quarters are most certainly comfortably sized and well-equipped. Agent June gave me a detailed briefing as well as an overview of life and general rituals of the clan in 5W. I am to expect four-legged beasts roaming around that may occasionally drop in and lay on the floor or chase a spool of industrial string around, hall feed on Thursdays, various occasions where the clan eats communally at odd hours of the night and perhaps a special festival at the end of the week. I was tasked with joining EC-discuss and meeting various key clan members of 5W. I decided to begin upon the latter task first, and joined the gathering for the Oscars (which I must say take terribly long) and rather enjoyed laughing and blaming Steve Harvey. We were blessed to be watching a stream in which the streamer literally quit when they messed up (#SPOILERALERT) Best Picture and La La Land did not win (and it’s not a joke!). Afterwards I learned the codenames of Joon1, Joon2, Joon8, one cruft, and Sarah (just Sarah I don’t know if her name is spelled this way sumimasen), as well as met the magnificent beasts Loki and Peru. It’s been a good night. Leaving the door open as I work on these field notes, I meet a few other clan members (Emily and unknown who passes by). The halls are oddly quiet at 2AM (perhaps I am too accustomed to hearing the League and Smash players in the night), but I look forward to exploring more tomorrow. ~ Signing Out ~ Agent Jynnie agent june day 2 feb 27 next house: winding hallways, pastel monochrome walls, plain, mural-less, but a fine place to call home for a week. agent jynnie’s quarters are warm, ambient, inviting: there are four different ways to produce light in her room. a ripe banana sits on the desk. floral bed sheets, an empty fridge, a bouquet of flowers in an orange juice glass, a tiny chalkboard complements a tiny whiteboard, pictures hung up on the walls. even with a meal plan, agent jynnie’s shelves are well stocked with sustenance, moreso than mine. my quarters, in comparison, are less personal: the objects and furniture within forgoes aesthetics in favor of function. it is less spacious here, but more than enough room such that the difference in size is unnoticeable. two east is a group whose customs and traditions i have already grown used to over the months agent jynnie, on the other hand, has never really interacted with my home clan before, and must introduce herself to many new people. i, someone who is already fast assimilating, have already decided to immigrate someday: i hope to make the arduous trek next year. but this week, i say that i am simply a visitor, a traveler from a faraway land. there are no beasts roaming the halls, nor are there sprawling murals, those historical expressions of individuality. there is a large chalk wall in the primary den where drawings and memes are scrawled: but the medium is implicitly temporary, something that has the power to be erased. no, what two east lacks in its exterior it more than makes up for in its inhabitants and its customs. the five-thirty dinner club is sacred, and should be respected. the stir-fry line waits for no one. the neighbor named bill enters my abode and asks me if i have determined the correct final velocity for a dust particle of mass m and charge +q released at the point (d,0) and traveling a distance s starting from rest in a vertically oriented electric dipole. i politely shake my head. his head follows suit, mutters to himself that the integration was surely correct, and disappears. at the moment i am what mit students would call ‘hosed’ sophomore standing giveth, and sophomore standing taketh away. at the moment, i enjoy going from moment to moment, deadline to deadline, feeling myself grow as a person, as i learn more about my major, my classes, my friends. i am inevitably tired most days, but i can usually stave this feeling off and it only manifests itself in the early morning and late at night. i wonder how long i can last before i inevitably miss a deadline and become desynchronized. but for now, i am still in balance and i carry on. until morrow. agent june agent jynnie day 2 feb 27 I woke up to a pristine, crisp day, the 8:15 morning streaming out from the campus courtyard. It’s quite jarring to look outside and see not New House, but the courtyard between buildings 18, 54, and 14. People meander around and I watch, feeling mildly hawkish for a good 15 minutes, before deciding to try and find sustenance. East Campus is a “cook-for-yourself” environment, which better translates to “fend-for-yourself”. Agent June’s stores are slightly depleted, mostly made up of chocolate, potato chips, and a bag of grapes in the fridge. (I can only imagine how he has survived without scurvy for this long). I decide on a handful of grapes, and first grab is good. But upon my second reach in, I peer into the plastic box in the La Verde’s bag and notice a little white. A little fuzzy whiteness. I shut the refrigerated cold store, take a deep breath, and shoot agent june a quick message that reads: “and yo boy you should not have been eating those grapes they are ?? moldy” After I gather my wits about me (and wondering whether agent june is actually a zombie), I dispose of the grapes. I settle on astronaut food (granola bar) and a trip to Stata later. Perhaps one of the most wondrous things about living practically on campus is I leave for class five minutes before the hour, climb six flights of stairs, and still arrive early. #Hashtag definitely not Next House things. And even though I return back from a long day, the walk back is quick. Returning, I wanted to attempt doorsurfing, but found that 8:08pm is not a prime time to find people to meander after and instead ring in at Munroe and (thankfully) get in without issue. I discover 5W sees more people in the evening and nearing midnight. I amble in and join a couple of clan members in the TV lounge as they discuss the hall beasts and discover that male hall beasts also have nipples. We shelve that discussion as well as literally shelving the hall beasts onto a bookshelf. I additionally learn about some prime hacking locations and carding/sliding, as well as the different stereotypes for east campus halls (see Figure 1). Throughout wandering and sitting in agent june’s room with the door open working I meet several other clan members including my first two frosh (!!) Serena and Adriana (who do not introduce themselves to me as Joon#). It’s refreshing to be in a foreign area and the natives are highly welcoming. Around perhaps 10pm, the NPC Emily R. tasks me with meeting another beast of 5W (which for the life of me I cannot recall his name, I think it starts with an R???). The tabby is an exquisite beast lurking under Volz’s bed and consequently I become trapped in the dungeon of Volz’s room (shoutout to ceelo who I was studying with but dealt with me being sucked away). Her room is a gorgeous mirage of artwork and space murals. I discover that 5W is my CMS paradise as Allan and Emily passionately talk about Fox and Becky (the Ann Hunter of CMS?) and Rik and their classes and theses and I stare wide-eyed at my new idols. And I am stuck in Volz (the sagely chem major)’s dungeon for another two or three hours, leaving only to find Challenger, another beast of 5W. As the night gets younger and I begin to think maybe I should start my psets, I return to my room and leave these logs. I have discovered the clan members to be all highly warm and welcoming, sociable and bonding over cats and psets instead of smash. I plan to examine the murals and quotes I have seen across the walls of 5W more closely tomorrow/in the future. There may also be the cookies and cheese ritual tomorrow as well. Till then. ~ Signing out ~ Agent Jynnie agent june day 3 feb 28 i rolled up agent jynnies curtains soon after i silenced the 7:30 alarm and a brilliant wave of light flooded into the room. normally, i would curl back up into bed and mutter mmph five more minutes but the sunlight inspired me to get up and have breakfast instead. i must admit that having a dining hall so close by almost makes breakfast viable for me (i am not a breakfast person). agent jynnie and i exchange messages about our time in each others halls: it seems that jynnie has been doing some extensive research, and reading her field notes of my hall causes me to smile. as two east is quite familiar to me, it is strange to describe it in such specific detail, but i may try. there are two major modes of entry, through the main staircase near dining or through the swipe entry near the entrance to next house. as the swipe entry is in most cases inaccessible to me, i shall describe the main staircase: to reach it, you must pass what is called the tfl lounge, which features comfy couches and a tv well-equipped with cables and a ps4. you also pass a mathematical mural and a piano, and a larger lounge area which is usually sparsely populated. due to the preparations for next act, the large expanse is occupied by a set of black. eventually, one is able to see the main staircase, with dining to the left and a music room / fitness room on the right. going downstairs, one finds a pool table, table tennis, a large kitchen residents call the country kitchen, and the laundry room. two east is upstairs on the second floor. there is a stark difference between the quality of infrastructure between east campus and next house: next house is new, clean, has elevators, and a warm palate. east campus, although i love to call it home, is more archaic: it is, to say the least, in need of repair. i am not sure which i prefer over the other. both, i conclude, have their respective weaknesses and strengths. two east is not unlike fifth west: there are several lounges, one with a tv, and in essence it is one long hallway. however, two easts hallway turns corners and twists and winds, whereas fifth west and all the other halls on east campus are linear: the entire hall can be seen from any point. sometimes, the hallway splits into two, or juts out to create small peninsulas. i will elaborate on this further on a later date. most of today was spent composing an essay for linguistics i argued for the preservation of endangered languages. i used agent jynnies remote to turn on the rgb lights, pulled up two easts spotify playlist on shuffle, and worked quietly for several hours. afterwards, i made my way to the main lounge (a few dozen paces away) and conversed with several two east residents, many of whom i have known and become friends with prior to my stay. at midnight, we celebrated the birthday of WILL, which involved singing a variant of salsa tequila, bennett spitting bars, and a very intentionally poor rendition of the classic happy birthday tune. german chocolate cake was subsequently served. also apparently it is customary to wish jennifer a happy birthday on these occasions as well, although it is never actually jennifers birthday. unfortunately, the rest of the week is still quite busy for me, so i will have to stop my field notes for today here. but i plan to interview a fellow next house resident in the coming days: i will update you with the transcription and let you know how this goes. till morrow, agent june [end of transmission] i guess that transcription never got updated, huh? now is actually a good time to admit that im moving back to east campus next year. reading these made me happy, reminiscing about how both 2E in next house and 5W in east campus were both so different only two years ago, and now the feel of both halls have undoubtedly changed. but i miss my 2020 friends: i miss the short walks to class where i could roll out of bed and into lecture, i miss the walls, i dont miss the five flights of stairs, i miss the seniors ive said goodbye to year after year while aware at the same time that i am well on my way. Post Tagged #East Campus #hall exchange #Next House

Essay The Prohibition Era - 661 Words

The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of intoxicating liquors. This ushered a period in the American history. This was known as Prohibition. Prohibition was difficult to force during the first decade of the 20th century. Bootlegging is the illegal production and sale of liquor. The increase of bootlegging, speakeasies, and the accompanying rise in gang violence and other crimes led to waning support for Prohibition. In 1933, the Congress had adopted a resolution. They proposed a 21st Amendment to the Constitution, which would repeal the 18th Amendment. The prohibition era came to a close by the end of that year. Origins of Prohibition began in the 1820’s and 1830’s when a wave of†¦show more content†¦In the same year, the Congress submitted the 18th Amendment. This had banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of intoxicating liquors, for state ratification. Even though the Congress had stipulated a seven-year time limit for the process. The amendment had received support of the necessary three-quarters of US states in only eleven months. Ratified on January 29, 1919, the 18th Amendment went into effect a year later. By that time, about thirty-three states had already enacted their own prohibition legislation. In October that same year, Congress had passed the National Prohibition Act. This provided guidelines for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. The Representative Andrew Volstead of Mississippi championed this. He was the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. The legislation was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. Both the federal and local government had difficulties in enforcing Prohibition over the course of the 1920’s. Enforcement was originally assigned to the IRS. Later it had been transferred to the justice Department. Prohibition was enforced much more strongly in areas where the population had more sympathy towards the legislation. The illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor went on throughout the decade. As well as operations of speakeasies, smuggling alcohol across state lines, and informal production of liquor in private homes. The prohibition era had encouraged the rise of criminal activities, whichShow MoreRelatedThe Era of Prohibition1329 Words   |  6 PagesProhibition was a very interesting era that lasted from 1919 to 1933 (Ian Tyrell). It was a time where crime was at its highest. People where breaking the rules like never before. Drinking was a tradition Americans have been doing for many generations. Putting a ban on this substance seemed to many an injustice. They felt as if the government were taking their rights away. Prohibiting this drink may have caused things to go for worse. Alcohol has been socially acceptable for many years. 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The Development of B2B E-marketing Strategy for SMEs in Jiangsu Province - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 6103 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction In recent two decades, with the rapid development and popularization of the world Internet and computer technology, Internet has been an integral part of human daily life. According to the World Internet Stats (2010), the number of Internet users around the world totalled 1.97 billion by June 2010, increased 444.8 percent over the last decade. The use of Internet as a platform and media becomes the mainstream under business environment, which resulted from the unprecedented increase of the Internet users (Liang et al., 2004). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Development of B2B E-marketing Strategy for SMEs in Jiangsu Province" essay for you Create order The broad reach of the Internet provides businesses an opportunity to expand markets with excessively low cost (Fulford, 2001). Gilmore et al. (2007) stated that adopting Internet and electronic marketing (e-marketing) strategy within business provide small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) an opportunity to reduce cost, improve competiveness and expand businesses. Since e-marketing adoption may bring potential distinct economic benefits, there is a growing number of businesses are implementing e-marketing strategies to improve business performances. With the improving awareness of the importance of e-marketing adoption among enterprises, e-marketing is growing rapidly and is significantly impacting the market behaviour of customers and businesses (Sheth and Sharma, 2005). In simple terms, e-marketing refers to achieving business goals by using world wide web (WWW), instant messaging, emails, online payment and other forms of Internet related technologies (Gilmore et al., 2007). An e-marketing strategy includes the actions taken in order to promote a brand via the Internet and a good e-marketing strategy plays a most significant role in the success of a business (Rampur, 2010). In China, SMEs have shown their strong abilities in grabbing the opportunities provided by e-commerce and its contribution to economy growth should not be neglected (Payne, 2002). SMEs are concentrated on in this research paper for three main reasons. First, SMEs play an important role in developing countries economy (Singh et al., 2009).  Second, SMEs have distinct advantage in adapting to new technology compared to large-scale enterprises. Since the existence of bureaucracy and hierarchy amongst SMEs is few, new technologies can be adopted faster and easier by SMEs than large businesses (Payne, 2002). Finally, SMEs frequently found the difficulties in operating businesses and competing in the market. For some reasons, SMEs are prevented from maintaining high qualified staff , reaching high level of technology or advanced management skills (Singh et al., 2009). As a consequence, strategically adopting e-marketing became an important business skill for SMEs managers. E-marketing provides SMEs an opportunity to develop market without geographical restriction. In order to improve competition ability for SMEs, the explanation of e-marketing strategy for SMEs seems especially important. It is believed that SMEs are developing rapidly and quantities of SMEs are undertaking e-marketing activities via Internet. However, a number of SMEs are implementing marketing strategies in traditional ways for some reasons. The lack of resources and skills prevents SMEs from improving competitiveness when e-marketing strategy is introduced (Maguire et al., 2007). SMEs prefer to focus on the products and services from the suppliers viewpoint instead of customers (Sheth and Sharma, 2005). The fact is that SMEs who are adopting new advanced technologies have enjoyed benefit s provided by e-marketing and achieved advantageous position (Chong et al., 2009). For example, email is applied amongst SMEs as an important medium to realize the communication with customers, share products and services information with customers and enhance customer loyalty (Merisavo and Raulas, 2004). Furthermore, quantities of SMEs employed B2B e-market such as Alibaba to negotiate and reach an agreement on transactions. Suppliers and buyers prefer to undertake market activities on Alibaba.com for low requirement, reliable online payment and large market share (Zhao et al., 2008).The benefits and opportunities provided by e-marketing adoption should be profoundly recognized by SMEs. Under this situation, it is a great opportunity for SMEs in Jiangsu to follow the world trend and adopt e-marketing to operate businesses. Our emphasis in this study is to provide an overall understanding of the B2B e-marketing development of SMEs in China, especially in Jiangsu Province. A clear insight of the B2B e-marketing adoption amongst SMEs in Jiangsu province will be provided, which will be resulted from emailed questionnaires and interviews. Moreover, the strategy for SMEs in Jiangsu province will be discussed, which can be used as guidelines and suggestions for marketers. The report begins with the background of e-marketing and related information which will be used in this research. Second, academic literatures concentrated on the existing literatures that related to the B2B e-marketing and SMEs in China and Jiangsu. The final section presents and discusses the findings of this study and future prospects will be discussed. Literature Review Literature review in this study mainly consists of two sections: literature review on SMEs and literature review on B2B e-marketing adoption. The first section includes the definition and characteristics of SMEs, development of SMEs in China and Jiangsu Province, importance of SMEs, challenges ahead and strategies for SMEs. The second section concentrates on the definition of the e-marketing, characteristics of B2B and the benefits provided by B2B solution, reasons, barriers and benefits of e-marketing adoption. Besides, a number of B2B e-market models and frameworks will be presented. Literature Review on SMEs With the popularization of the Internet and website, there appears a trend that a large number of SMEs prefer to undertake marketing activities via Internet. In this research, the definition of SMEs is defined according to the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC, 2003), which is shown in Table 1. Industry branch Employees Sales (unit: 10,000 RMB) Total assets (unit: 10,000 RMB) Memo Industrial 300-2,000 3,000-30,000 4,000-40,000 Medium enterprise must simultaneously meet the three indexes, otherwise are small enterprises Construction 600-3,000 3,000-30,000 4,000-40,000 Wholesale 100-200 3,000-30,000 Medium enterprise must simultaneously meet the two indexes, otherwise are small enterprises Retail 100-500 1,000-15,000 Transport 500-3,000 3,000-30,000 Post 400-1,000 3,000-30,000 Hotels and restaurants 400-800 3,000-15,000 Table 1 Division standard of SMEs Source: NBSC The development of SMEs in China was described in previous studies. Chen (2006) concluded that the development of Chinas SMEs can be divided into three phases. During the first phase from 1978 to 1992, due to the government support and along with the Chinas reform and opening-up, there appeared great development of SMEs in amount and size. The second development phase was from 1992 to 2002, the establishment of socialist market economy and the incentive measures taken by the government enabled SMEs to enjoy high rates of growth. The third phase started from 2002 with Chinas entry into World Trade Organization (WTO), SMEs in China entered a new era. The government has shown the ambitious to accelerate the development of SMEs. SME Promotion Law of the Peoples Republic of China, which came into effect in 2003, was promulgated to support and encourage the development of SMEs in China. Similarly, Hong (2010) illustrated the advantages of SMEs in Jiangsu province, which has strong compet itive strength not only in per-capital GDP, but also in Internet penetration. In order to promote the development of SMEs and improve international competitiveness, Jiangsu province also carried out policies such as Promotion Rules of SMES in Jiangsu Province (SMEJS, 2006). Singh et al. (2009) concluded some promotional policies for SMEs by the Chinese Government, which gave us a comprehensive understanding of the contribution that the government made for steady and fast development of SMEs in China. Shi and Li (2006) suggested that the government should actively stimulate the development of SMEs, create an open and fair competitive environment and improve the service quality for SMEs. Furthermore, effective policies should be carried out to encourage the sustainable development of SMEs, especially policies in finance and taxation. Chen (2006) pointed out that the effective implementation of Chinese SMEs Promotion Law positively supported the development of SMEs, removed potential b arriers, improved competition abilities of SMEs, optimized industrial structures and promoted scientific innovations. Hence, SMEs in China achieved great development during that period. Some initiatives that recently carried out by the Chinese government were conclude by Singh et al. (2009), which were income tax policies for small enterprises, taxation policies for promoting employment, taxation policies for high-tech enterprise and service industries and financial policies. A number of researchers have discussed the important role that SMEs played in economic growth. Jutla et al. (2002) held the opinion that SMEs accounted 80 percent of the economy growth worldwide and are regarded as the economic backbone of each country throughout the world. Payne (2002) held an opinion that SMEs play an important role in developing economy and providing job opportunities in developing countries. Singh et al. (2009) indicated that in some regions, private SMEs have become an important pillar of the local economy. Chen (2006) thought highly of SMEs since they are not only an important revenue contributor, but also a great job opportunities provider. Liu (2004) argued that SMEs development and economic development are mutually dependent. Furthermore, SMEs play a significant role in the domain of increasing exports and promoting transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Singh et al. (2009) presented detailed data: SMEs in China account for 98.9 percent of total number of businesses, 77.3 percent of employed people, 65.6 percent of gross industrial output value, 63.3 percent of sales revenues and 54 percent of total profits. The above statements are supported by Yang (2003), who gave similar statistical data of SME shares of economy in China. Challenges ahead for SMEs have been observed by a number of researchers. Denis and Bourgault (2003) indicated that the ability of an enterprise to persistently improve business performance is crucial for SMEs in t he demanding market. Similarly, Vos (2005) suggested that the management ability of SMEs managers still need to be improved to strategically manage the enterprises. Moreover, SMEs are frequently facing the pressures of low level of technologies adoption (Gunasekaran et al., 2001), huge cost in developing products (Chorda et al., 2002), ineffective marketing skills and researches (Hashim and Wafa, 2002). Narula (2004) indicated that the main constraint of SMEs is that technical requirements could not be easily satisfied. Xiong et al. (2006) agreed with Narula since SMEs are lack of funds to employ advanced business software. Singh et al. (2009) made a conclusion on the constraints of SMEs in China, which are low technical level, lack of skilled employees, inefficiency of management team, narrow domestic market and lack of funds. Zhao et al. (2008) conclude three main problems that may block the development of B2B e-markets in China. First, problems presented by business infrastructur e such as legal, financial and logistic infrastructures have been a bottleneck for China to develop B2B e-market. The basic services that provided by the markets and society could not meet the requirements of building B2B e-market. For example, electronic payment systems and transportation systems still needed to be developed to improve transaction velocity. Second, SMEs managers are lack of thorough understanding about e-commerce. Current business culture among SMEs did not actively support scientific and technological innovations. Hence, managers of SMEs could not decisively and appropriately apply e-commerce strategies. Third, the low level of trust and security system limited the development of e-commerce in China, which increased possibilities of credit frauds, online frauds and contract frauds. On the contrary, strategies that may improve competitive ability of SMEs in China were presented by Singh et al. (2009). The first strategy is to make the best of reform and opening-up policies of Chinese government to expand potential global markets. The second strategy suggested that SMEs should uniquely define their nature and circumstances to operate businesses. The third strategy indicated that SMEs in China should make the best of guanxi, which is the soul of Chinese-style business. Literature Review on B2B E-marketing Since the literature on e-marketing is limited and the relative youth of e-marketing, there are not widely accepted or agreed definitions of e-marketing. Nagi (2003) stated that e-marketing involves the use of electronic method or media to realize the communication between sellers and buyers. Gilmore et al. (2007) pointed out that e-marketing is the action of taking advantage of digital technologies to create value to customer and communicate with them. Coupey (2001) suggested that e-marketing can be used synonymously with internet marketing. In spite of the fact that the internet plays an important role in e-marketing, provides timely information and email services for users worldwide, it is merely part of e-marketing activities (Gilmore et al., 2007). Strauss and Frost (2001) emphasize that the most important elements of e-marketing strategy are sales, advertising, public relations, direct marketing and marketing communication. Gloor (2000) stated that the main components of e-ma rketing strategies and Rampur (2010) listed five components of a good e-marketing strategy, which are search engine optimization (SEO), email marketing strategy, online advertising, online newsletters and medium news rooms. Based on the findings resulted from the survey conducted by Chong et al. (2009), three major components of e-marketing adoption are identified as people, information/resources and technology. Zeng et al. (2003) discussed the characteristics of B2B and the benefits provided by B2B solution. It is argued that externalities and exponential growth, critical mass, customer cohesion and disintermediation are four main characteristics of B2B. Zeng et al. also indicated that CRM-B2B integration strategies can assist enterprises pursue benefits and obtain business advantages. The first strategy is that CRM embedded under B2B, which can shift attention of the firms from products to customers. The second strategy emphasized that B2B module and CRM module are separated, w hich have the following benefits: easy and rapid to develop, low maintenance fee and high performance and scalability. Yang and Papazoglou (2000) documented the potential benefits that provided by B2B solution, which may include the increase in productivity, the reduction in salary payment and explicit record of auditing. Zhao et al. (2008) indicated that Alibaba is the typical and dominant B2B e-market in China. Alibaba.com provides SMEs an opportunity to compete in an open environment with the lowest requirement. Moreover, B2B e-market model was presented in Table 2, which involves factors: transactional process and controlling complexity. Transaction process Controlling complexity Information Negotiation Payment Delivery Low Providing quality information to potential users Medium Matching buyers with sellers and delivering exchange mechanisms High Controlling the risk for secure and reliable transactions Managing collaboration Table 2 B2B e-market model Source: Zhao et al. (2008) In recent years, a lot of issues on B2B e-marketing adoption have been discussed in academic papers. Zhao et al. (2008) introduced a practical perspective of the value creation process in Chinese B2B E-markets. Carson et al. (1995) suggested that marketing in SMEs and large-scale enterprises ought to be different. One of the advantages of SMEs is the ability to serve appropriate markets and maintain good customer relationship. Daniel and Wilson (2002) conducted a study on the e-commerce adoption by SMEs in the UK. Simpson and Docherty (2004) focused on e-commerce adoption support and advice for UK SMEs. Gebauer et al. (2007) argued that in China, B2B marketing adoption contributed a lot for the increase of service revenue. Gilmore et al. (2007) made a conclusion of the drivers and barriers of e-marketing adoption amongst SMEs. Drivers to e-marketing adoption can be divided into two categories: proactive drivers and reactive drivers. The former one included the opportunity to gai n competitive advantages, the chance to reduce marketing and operating costs and increase sales, the chance to improve business performance, the chance to enhance communication efficiency of marketing. The latter one included improve competitive advantages against large-scale enterprises and other local competitors and follow the industry trend. Barriers to e-marketing adoption could be demonstrated from three main aspects, which are generic characteristics of SMEs, practical implementation and maintenance issues and organizational obstacles. Similarly, Stockdale and Standing (2004) pointed out the benefits and barriers of e-marketing adoption. Chong et al. (2009) made a conclusion about the reasons, benefits and challenges of e-marketing adoption in China, Malaysia and Singapore. Reasons for applying e-marketing demonstrated by Chong et al. are competition in the marketplace, it is part of my marketing strategies, globalisation, follow the industry trend, demanded/instructed/advise d by senior management, customer satisfaction and other reasons. Problems of e-marketing adoption are security, implementation, expertise and lack of resources, senior management and time. Chong et al. indicated that benefits of e-marketing adoption are better relationship with customers, improve sales, increased web traffic, reduced marketing costs, competitive advantages and improved products/services quality. Robeiro and Love (2003) discussed three categories of e-business benefits which are business value, technical value and market value. Robeiro and Love also emphasize that those benefits are distinct with the return-on-investment (ROI) benefits. Daniel et al. (2002) concluded four clusters of SMEs regarding the different levels and stages of e-marketing applied by SMEs, which are developers, communicators, web presence and transactors. The first clusters of companies are those who operate businesses with the lowest level of e-marketing behaviours. Communicators are those f irms who generally use e-mail to realize the communication between customers, employees and suppliers. Firms at third level of adoption not only undertake activities that firms in cluster 2 are currently engaging in, but also convey company information, products and services through websites. The characteristics of SMEs at the highest level of e-marketing adoption are that they prefer to balance the account and delivery digital products and services on-line. E-business adoption and knowledge management within SMEs was identified by Koh and Maguire (2004). The main findings of Koh and Maguire revealed that SMEs tend to employed enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain management (SCM) and customer relationship management (CRM) independently. Authors Findings Chen (2006) Three development phases of SMEs in China Hong (2010) Advantages of SMEs in Jiangsu Province SMEJS (2006) Singh et al. (2010) Promotional policy for SMEs Julta et al. (2002) Yang (2003) Chen (2006) Gary (2010) The importance of SMEs to Chinese economy Nagi (2003) Gilmore et al. (2007) Definition of e-marketing Gloor (2000) Strauss and Frost (2001) Rampur (2010) Components of e-marketing strategy Daniel and Wilson (2002) Simpson and Docherty (2004) E-marketing adoption amongst SMEs in the UK Stockdale and Standing (2004) Benefits and barriers of e-marketing adoption Gilmore et al. (2007) Drivers and barriers of e-marketing adoption amongst SMEs Chong et al. (2009) Reasons, benefits and challenges of e-marketing adoption Daniel et al. (2002) Four levels of e-marketing adoption Zeng et al. (2003) Characteristics of B2B Yang and Papazoglou (2000) Zeng et al. (2003) Benefits of B2 B solution Zhao et al. (2008) Case study of Alibaba Table 3 Summary of existing literature The above existing literatures are important to this research, which were summarized in Table 3. To conclude, a large quantity of previous researches and studies have been made to explore e-marketing and SMEs, of which some studies may based on the Chinese economy. Nevertheless, few studies focused on B2B e-marketing strategy for SMEs located in Jiangsu province. The problem of B2B e-marketing suggestion for SMEs in Jiangsu still remains unsolved. In order to address the gap and set a guideline for SMEs marketers, this paper will provide a deeper study on the topic relating to B2B e-marketing strategy for SMEs especially in Jiangsu province. Research questions Some questions arise before and during the process of the research. This research seeks to answer the following questions: What is the current situation of the development of the e-marketing technology in Jiangsu province? What is the current B2B e-marketing adoption amongst SMEs in Jiangsu province? What are the components of B2B e-marketing strategy for SMEs in Jiangsu? Research Objectives The purpose of this study is to provide an overall understanding of the development of B2B e-marketing strategy for SMEs in Jiangsu Provinces. Several objectives are listed as follows: Provide an overall understanding of the development of e-marketing technology in Jiangsu province. Understand the current situation of the B2B e-marketing adoption amongst SMEs in Jiangsu province. Critically review the role that internet plays in B2B e-marketing strategy. Explore the components of B2B e-marketing strategy for SMEs in Jiangsu province. Research Methodology The philosophy of realism was reflected in this research, in which a scientific approach was assumed to develop knowledge (Saunders, et al., 2009). Realism supports data collection and help to understand data. As a scientific research, inductive approach will be applied in order to analyze qualitative data, which will be resulted from the face-to-face interview. Analysing Quantitative Data The term quantitative data refer to all types of data that can be counted or expressed numerically, which can be represented in graphs, tables and charts. The reason of collecting quantitative data is that those data could be quantified to answer questions of the research and reach research goals (Saunders, et al., 2009). Quantitative data in this study are collected from the questionnaire conducted, which range from descriptive data, ranked data and discrete data. Quantitative data were analysed mainly by manpower before the invention of powerful computers, which not only wasted huge financial, material and human resources but also may lead to unscientific results. Nowadays, quantitative data can be analysed by varieties of analysis software such as ExcelTM, MinitabTM, SASTM and SPSSTM. In this research, advanced statistical software SPSS 17.0 was used to analyse the quantitative data collected from the survey. In order to assess the reliability of some types of data, Cronbachs à Æ'†°Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" value was calculated using SPSS 17.0. Besides, multiple-response method was applied to analyse the multiple-response questions to obtain scientific results. Descriptive tables and pie charts are presented to provide readers a straightforward sight and a clear understanding of the quantitative data collected in this study. Analysing Qualitative Data The term qualitative data refer to non-numeric or non-standardized data that should be summarized, restructured and categorised by researchers (Saunders, et al., 2009). The reason of collecting qualitative data is that analysing qualitative data help to develop theory by both deductive and inductive approaches. Word processing software, content analysis and text retrieval software can be employed to effectively analyse qualitative data (Catterall, 1996).Software such as NVivoTM and ATLAS.tiTM can be applied to assist qualitative data analysis. Since there are limited questions designed in the interview and answers of interviewees are obvious and simple, the data were analysed by hand instead of software. Inductive approach was employed to analyze the qualitative data collected in this study. The reasons of adopting inductive approach are that the data analyzed was not predetermined and non-standardised. Furthermore, it allows the researchers to obtain the understandings of the resu lts in a flexible structure. Survey Instrument Both quantitative analysis techniques and qualitative analysis techniques will be employed in this research. Johnson et al. (2007) indicated that mixed methods that combining qualitative and quantitative data are widely used by researchers. The definition of mixed methods has been defined by a large number of leaders in the field of mixed methods research. However, definition that used in this study was defined by Johnson et al., who are the leading authorities on mixed method research: Mixed methods research is the type of research in which a researcher or team of researchers combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches (e.g. use of qualitative and quantitative viewpoints, data collection, analysis, inference techniques) for the broad purpose of breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration (Johnson et al., 2007, p. 123). Questionnaire is frequently used when explanatory and descriptive researches are conducted. Questionnaire aims at collectin g data resulted from the answers of the same questions by different respondents. Questionnaire can be divided into two types, which are self-administered questionnaires and interviewer-administered questionnaires. The former one was applied in this research since questionnaires are independently completely by the respondents. The main reasons of applying online questionnaire method are: The cost is low, Time saving for both researchers and respondents, Results can be more precise and easier to collect. An online questionnaire was designed on a professional survey website named https://www.sojump.com/. One of the advantages of this website is that once the questionnaire was completely designed, a link will be automatically created for administer. The link can be sent to the selected samples through email to finish the questionnaire. In order to obtain good response rate and higher validity and reliability, the questionnaire was carefully designed from individual questions to the layout of the questionnaire. Opinion questions, behaviour questions and attribute questions are designed in the questionnaire. There are two sections contained in the questionnaire. The first section involves the current situation of e-marketing adoption amongst SMEs in Jiangsu province. Questions in the first section asked respondents to demonstrate whether they did or did not undertake e-marketing activities. If they did, respondents were asked to indicate the reasons and benefits of e-marketing adoption and vice versa. For example, for a question Do you implement e-marketing strategy within your business, if 60 respondents answered yes, one descriptive conclusion can be made that three tenth of the SMEs in Jiangsu Province have applied e-marketing. The second section is designed to collect general information about the respondents such as name and email address, which can be used to confirm the answers of the respondents and send the final report to respondents who have i nterest in. Once the answers of the respondents are collected, the validity and reliability will be assessed. The use of interview is another important method to answer questions of a research and realize research objectives. According to Kahn and Cannell (1957), the term interview refers to the discussion between at least two people with some certain objectives. Face-to-face interview with general managers, professional marketers and experts will be carried out to collect qualitative data. The main purpose of the interviews is to explore answers of the interviewees and assist quantitative data analysis. Five open questions were designed in the interview which asked interviewees to state their opinions on e-marketing adoption. Sample Selection A database contained 200 names and email addresses of SMEs in Jiangsu province were obtained from a commercial website. Companies in this database are ensured to conform to the definition of SMEs in China. It is believed that these samples not only covered a wide range of industry branches, but also evenly distributed throughout Jiangsu province. The current situation of e-marketing adoption amongst these samples was unknown. However, due to the widespread concern and high degree of interest in e-marketing adoption, it is expected that a majority of SMEs have applied e-marketing. The emailed questionnaire will be conducted in early December 2010 and the responses collection will finish in late January 2011. The responses of SMEs will then be analyzed for the finding of this research. Furthermore, in order to collect open questions to richen the result of questionnaire, ten interviewees who are believed to have a good knowledge about both e-marketing and SMEs were chosen. Response Rate The total number of response received was 52 (total response rate 26%). However, 11 of these were rejected because of the repetitive IP addresses of respondents, which may indicate that some respondents may answer more than one questionnaire. As a result, the number of usable responses was 41, resulting in an effective response rate of 20.5%. The finding of this study will be achieved through these valid responses. The response rate in this study is acceptable compared with other similar survey response rates, such as 34% in Chong et al. (2010) and 10.4% in Daniel et al. (2002). Results of the Survey The results of the survey are mainly divided into four sections. The first section displays the characteristics and basic information of SMEs who participated in the survey. The second part explores the e-marketing strategies implemented by the respondents. The third section discusses the reasons of adopting and against adopting e-marketing. The last section displays the benefits brought by applying e-marketing and the disadvantages and shortcoming of e-marketing adoption. Characteristics of SMEs Business domain of the individual SMEs participating in the survey is presented in Figure 1. It can be easily found that IT companies and finance/banking companies were the largest group, which accounted for 17.1 percent for both. Education companies ranked in the second place (14.6 percent), and then construction companies (12.2 percent). 9.8 percent of the respondents are manufacturer, advertisement and travel companies and 2.4 percent were others companies. In addition, there were no communication companies among the respondents. Figure 1 Business domain of the respondents SMEs Figure 2 measures company size by number of employees. From Figure 2 we can find that the number of employees between 1 and 50 accounted for 39 percent and 51-100 employees accounted for 24.4 percent. Employee size of 101-150, 151-200 and 201-300 respectively accounted for 14.6, 12.2 and 7.3 percent. The other 2.4 percent were companies with number of employees above 500. Table 4 demonstrates annual sales revenue of the SMEs. The largest sales turnover is above ten million RMB, which is 7.3 percent. Sales between five million and ten million (7.3 percent), one million to five million (14.6 percent), 0.5 million to one million (22 percent), 100,000 to 500,000 (31.7 percent) and the remaining 17.1 percent were sales volume less than 100,000. Figure 2 Number of employees in respondents SMEs Annual sales (unit: RMB) Frequency % Cumulative percent Less than 100,000 7 17.1 17.1 100,000-500,000 13 31.7 48.8 500,001-1,000,000 9 22 70.8 1,000,001-5,000,000 6 14.6 85.4 5,000,001-10,000,000 3 7.3 92.7 Above 10,000,000 3 7.3 100 Total 41 100 Table 4 Annual turnover of respondents SMEs Current e-marketing adoption/strategies This section is designed to provide the current situation of e-marketing adoption among the respondents. Companies who have adopted e-marketing accounted for 56.1 percent, which is consistent with the authors expectations. E-marketing strategies applied by those SMEs are presented in Table 5. SMEs stated that corporate website (26.4 percent), online advertisement (19.4 percent), email marketing (12.5 percent), online payment (13.9 percent), third-party platform (8.3 percent), search engine marketing (6.9 percent) and link exchange (11.1 percent) were frequently applied when adopting e-marketing. Another 1.4 percent used other types of e-marketing such as blogs and other social networking sites. Out of 41 respondents, 18 companies have not applied e-marketing to develop business. Among the 18 companies who have not applied e-marketing, simply 5 companies indicated that they are considering adopting e-marketing. The reasons of and against adopting e-marketing will be discussed in nex t section. $e-marketing strategies applied Frequencies Responses Percent of Cases N Percent MCa Corporate website 19 26.4% 86.4% Online advertisement 14 19.4% 63.6% Email marketing 9 12.5% 40.9% Online payment 10 13.9% 45.5% Third-party platform (eg. Alibaba) 6 8.3% 27.3% Search engine marketing 5 6.9% 22.7% Link exchange 8 11.1% 36.4% Others 1 1.4% 4.5% Total 72 100.0% 327.3% Table 5 Frequencies analysis of multiple responses Reasons of/against e-marketing adoption Based on the theories associated with e-marketing adoption and results of other similar studies, six main reasons of adopting e-marketing are considered: (1) follow the industry trend; (2) it is part of marketing strategies; (3) improve competition ability; (4) improve customer satisfaction; (5) globalization; (6) SCM. In order to appropriately rank these reasons, Likert Scale was applied with 1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= neutral, 4=agree, 5= strongly agree. Cronbachs alpha is the most widely used tool to assess the reliability of Likert-style rating scale. George and Mallery (2003) suggested that results of scales can be acceptable when Cronbachs ÃÆ'†°Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" value is larger than 0.7. The survey results may be questionable with ÃÆ'†°Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾0.6. In this study, Cronbachs ÃÆ'†°Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" value of reasons of e-marketing adoption was reported to be 0.643 (shown in Table 6), which demonstrated that the reliability of t he results is between questionable and acceptable. The results of the variables considered in the survey are as follows: follow the industry trend (mean=4.48, SD= 0.79), it is part of marketing strategies (mean=4.61, SD= 0.58), improve competition ability (mean=4.57, SD= 0.51), improve customer satisfaction (mean=4.57, SD= 0.59), globalization (mean=4.13, SD= 0.92) and SCM (mean=4.13, SD= 0.76). As a consequence, it is part of marketing strategies ranked the first position of the reasons of e-marketing adoption followed by improve customer satisfaction. The above results demonstrated that e-marketing adoption has been one of the most important components of SMEs marketing strategies. Besides, SMEs are more focusing on the products and services from the customers viewpoint instead of the suppliers. Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Rank It is part of marketing strategies 23 4.6087 .58303 1 Improve customer satisfaction 23 4.5652 .5 8977 2 Improve competition ability 23 4.5652 .50687 3 Follow the industry trend 23 4.4783 .79026 4 SCM 23 4.1304 .75705 5 Globalization 23 4.1304 .91970 6 Valid N 23 Note: Cronbachs a value= 0.643 Table 6 Likert scales of reasons of e-marketing adoption In spite the fact that there are varieties of reasons to adopt e-marketing, some SMEs refused to embrace e-marketing. The fundamental reason of this phenomenon is probably because the costs of applying e-marketing exceed the potential benefits provided by e-marketing adoption. Several reasons that prevent SMEs from adopting e-marketing are listed: R1): High cost; R2): Internet advertising is not effective; R3): Lack of technologies and securities; R4): Unnecessary; R5): Lack of time. As shown in Table 7, the most important barriers of e-marketing adoption are high cost and ineffective Internet advertisement, which accounted for 24 percent for both. This is followed by lack of technologies and securities (20 percent), unnecessary (16 percent) and lack of time (16 percent). Considering the results of the interviews, the results were reasonable since interviewees indicated that the main reasons that prevent SMEs from applying e-marketing are: lack of time, funds, exp ertise and technologies. $Reasons of e-marketing Frequencies Responses Percent of Cases N Percent $Reasonsa R1 6 24.0% 46.2% R2 6 24.0% 46.2% R3 5 20.0% 38.5% R4 4 16.0% 30.8% R5 4 16.0% 30.8% Total 25 100.0% 192.3% Table 7 Frequencies analysis of multiple responses E-marketing benefits and disadvantages This section concentrates on the benefits provided by e-marketing adoptions and disadvantages facing the B2B SMEs. In the same manner, Likert Scale was employed to analyze the benefits of e-marketing adoption with 1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= neutral, 4=agree, 5= strongly agree. As shown in Table 8, the Cronbachs ÃÆ'†°Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" value was calculated to be 0.622. Among the benefits of e-marketing adoption, increase sales ranked the first position (mean= 4.47, SD= 0.59), followed by enhance popularity (mean= 4.43, SD=0.66), improve competition ability (mean= 4.39, SD= 0.66), better customer relationship (mean= 4.22, SD= 0.85), increase product and service quality (mean= 4.17, SD= 0.72) and reduce cost and increase profit (mean= 4.09, SD=0.67). Though large quantities of SMEs have enjoyed benefits provided by e-marketing adoption, it is not suggested every individual SMEs should quickly adopt e-marketing. A majority of interviewees indicated that SMEs should depend on their unique nature and circumstances to determine whether to apply e-marketing or not. Moreover, interviewees suggested that a secured network environment should be created when applying e-marketing and SMEs should fully utilize Internet advertisement. Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Rank Increase sales 23 4.5652 .58977 1 Enhance popularity 23 4.4348 .66237 2 Improve competition 23 4.3913 .65638 3 Better customer relationship 23 4.2174 .85048 4 Increase product/service quality 23 4.1739 .71682 5 Reduce cost, increase profit 23 4.0870 .66831 6 Valid N Note: Cronbachs a value= 0.622 23 Table 8 E-marketing benefits analysis The disadvantages and shortcomings of e-marketing adoption are analyzed in the same method (shown in Table 9). It can be easily discovered that security (mean= 4.61, SD= 0.58) was the main problem during the implementation of e-marketing, followed by high cost and maintain fee (mean= 4.26, SD= 0.69), implementation difficulties (mean= 3.96, SD= 0.82) and lack of technologies and customers (mean= 3.63, SD= 0.71). Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Rank Security concern 23 4.6087 .58303 1 High cost and maintain fee 23 4.2609 .68870 2 Implementation difficulties 23 3.9565 .82453 3 Lack of technologies and customers 23 3.6522 .71406 4 Valid N 23 Table 9 E-marketing disadvantages analysis Conclusions/Recommendations There is a trend among SMEs to embrace e-marketing and take advantages of e-marketing to obtain further development. As our study shown that a variety of reasons may prevent SMEs from adopting e-marketing, a majority of SMEs are positively applying e-marketing in different ways. Since the benefits provided by e-marketing adoption became extremely attractive in recent decades, many SMEs made substantial investment in e-marketing adoption without clear aims. However, the sustainable benefits of e-marketing adoption could not be achieved simply by investing. Having a clear understand of e is more important. Combining the reasons against e-marketing adoption and the limitations of SMEs, it is not suggested that e-marketing will be applied to every individual SMEs. The findings of the paper demonstrate that network securities and professional marketers should be paid special attention to during the process of implementing e-marketing. The paper has a number of implications for B2B SM Es managers, technicians and the government. First, managers in the market should be able to grab the opportunities provided e-marketing adoption to expand business and be aware of the potential problems of applying e-marketing. In this sense, managers should create a marketing team with high qualification and professional experience to implement e-marketing. Second, technicians should help SMEs set up efficient management network and reduce the losses suffered from unsecured Internet environment. For example, professional software should be developed for B2B SMEs to efficiently manage their businesses such as ERP software. Besides, in order to avoid the threats from unsecured network environment, advanced system-protection software should be developed for SMEs. Third, the government should expand the construction of Internet and business infrastructure and establish credit system in the whole society. In addition, the government should make every effort to improve the legal system and carry out policies to: Create a fair/open competitive environment for SMEs; Protect the interests of SMEs; Severely punish those crimes on credit fraud and online fraud; Stimulate and support the development of SMEs. To conclude, there is still a long way to go for e-marketing adoption among B2B SMEs in Jiangsu Province. Under the joint effort of B2B SMEs managers, technicians and the government, the future development of B2B SMEs in Jiangsu Province will and should be bright. Research limitations and future research The main limitation of this study is that the results were reached by a small number of SMEs. Considering the effective response rate (20.5 percent) resulted from a sample with 200 SMEs, the findings of the study may be questionable. The survey was not scientifically designed, which may lead to the low reliability of the survey results such as the low Cronbachs ÃÆ'†°Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" value. Furthermore, the study was restricted to the SMEs in Jiangsu Province and may not be applicable for other provinces in China. Future studies could explore the same topic in this study with larger sample. Moreover, ranges of the study could be extended to Provinces throughout China.

Alienation in “Black Boy” Free Essays

Carlos Hernandez Eng. 111 Prof. Weitz 02/18/2009 Causes of Alienation in Black Boy Black Boy demonstrates how the protagonist, Richard Wright, alienated himself from his community because he did not share the same religious and societal beliefs practiced by his community and felt that the questions he had about everyday life would not be answered if he conformed to his degraded position in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Alienation in â€Å"Black Boy† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Richard alienated himself from his community because he wanted to find answers to his questions about racism that were not being answered. His desire and capacity for knowledge is discouraged and underestimated by whites and blacks due to living in the Jim Crow South. Religion is also a cause of alienation because Richard does not share the same enthusiasm for religion as the community does. These are all causes of alienation for Richard. The first signs of alienation come as a result of Richard’s curiosity with the world around him. An insatiable sense of curiosity grew in him after learning to read, write, and count to one hundred that he soon became, â€Å"a nuisance by asking far too many questions of everybody. This led him to learn about the relations between whites and blacks. After finding out about the white man beating the black boy he began to ask questions regarding race and why there is a puzzling coexistence between whites and blacks. He asked his mother why that happened and she simply responded by saying, â€Å"You’re too young young to understand. † She did this to dodge this contr oversial topic. He had so many questions regarding this topic and no one in his community was willing to give him a straight, if any, answer. On another occasion, Richard asked his mother if they could look in the white side of the train and noticed his mother becoming irritated. â€Å"I had begun to notice that my mother became irritated when I questioned her about whites and blacks, and I could not quite understand it. † His inquisitive nature and lack of answers lead him to alienate himself from his community by going on his journey to the North in order to answer these questions of racism. Richard’s curiosity led him to desire knowledge. This thirst for knowledge is another cause of alienation for Richard. It results in alienating himself as well as being alienated from the black community. For example, when Granny found out that her tenant, Ella, was reading Bluebeard and His Seven Wives to Richard, she objected to it and forbade her from reading to him on religious grounds by saying, â€Å"That’s the Devil’s work. † When Richard protested, she responded by saying, â€Å"You’re going to burn in Hell. † It seems that her deep religious beliefs did not promote creativity or knowledge. Her disallowance of creativity and expanding his mind only made it more desirable for Richard. He secretly took books from Ella and tried to read them. Another example of this is when he wrote the story in the local black paper. His own classmates did not believe that he had written it himself and thought he had stolen the idea for the story. After this occurrence he said, â€Å"If I had thought anything in writing the story, I had thought that perhaps it would make me more acceptable to them, and now it was cutting me off from them more completely that ever. This experience led him to want to go to the North to pursue a writing career, something he could not do in the South because it was discouraged by whites and could have fatal consequences, and because his community is not all that supportive because of that. In this way he is alienated from his community and alienating himself. His curious nature and thirst for knowledge led him to seek religion to answer the questions he had regarding racism. Religion is an additional source of alienation for Richard. He is constantly being pressured to join the church congregation by his mother, Aunt Addie, and Granny. One of the first unpleasant experiences he had with religion can be found in the first pages of the book. His mother invited their local church’s preacher to dinner and that night’s dinner consisted of soup and fried chicken, a sign that it was a special dinner. Richard refused to eat the soup and while everyone else finished their soup and began eating chicken he became upset, believing that â€Å"the preacher [was] going to eat all the chicken. This dinner had a negative effect on him because he learned that â€Å"the preacher, like his father, was used to having his own way. † Since he disliked his father for abandoning his family, it was natural for him to associate this religious figure with his father and therefore, he saw religion in a negative way. After being persuaded by his classmates to give religion a try, he makes an effort to join the crowd, â⠂¬Å"I was so starved for association with people that I allowed myself to be seduced by it all. although he made an effort, he could not share his family’s rigid Christian fundamentalism, further alienating himself from his family and his community. Richard was not a believer because he â€Å"had not settled in [his] mind whether [he] believed in God or not; his existence or nonexistence never worried [him]. † After going to a revival at the local church and confessing to the other boys that he felt nothing, â€Å" they too admitted that they felt nothing. † This only confirmed his belief that religion led to conformism. He believed this because of the harsh environment in which he had to live that was reluctant to answer the questions he had about society. He realized that the conformist nature of religion would not lead him to finding the answers he sought of racism, nor would it satisfy his desire for knowledge on the issue. Had he succumbed to the wishes of his friends and family he would have given up his individuality and conformed to the way of life available in the South. By not being able to share in his community’s religious beliefs, he further alienates himself from the rest of the group because of his nonconformity. Richard Wright alienates himself from his community because he does not share societal and religious beliefs followed by those in his community. He refuses to conform to his degraded position in society. Richard does not accept a fundamentalist Christianity because it is used to obstruct his goal of becoming a writer, primarily by Granny. Although he is an outsider who feels little connection with other people, he still cares for them nonetheless, as it is shown when he decides to go North with the promise to send for his mother and his brother. These are the causes of alienation seen in Black Boy. How to cite Alienation in â€Å"Black Boy†, Papers

Leadership essay Example Leadership the Role of Managers

Leadership the Role of Managers Leadership the Role of Managers Introduction: In the world of medicine, it is the collective effort of a variety of health practitioners that contributes to caring for the ailing and the injured. Nurses probably form the largest professional group within this group of health care practitioners. A couple of decades ago, the role of chief nurse was limited to help physicians observe, record, diagnose, and administer care and medication. This was in addition to routine supervisory tasks. Health care organizations are now more knowledge intensive, and this clinical executive is challenged to take up more specialized roles as a leader and the manager of the interdisciplinary teams within the healthcare environment. Managers as leaders: Often for chief nurses their role as a manager is defined by the organization to command a team of subordinates, and ensure compliance. To merge the operational role of a manager with the role of a leader, a chief nurse that focuses on inspiring the team has well disposed followers, who are committed to work towards the set goals. Although in the area of nursing and health care, communication is often clear, roles are defined, and there is less ambiguity with regard to tasks, the chief nurse who communicates effectively, has better scope to function as a leader, and ensure positive end results. This is especially true in times of organizational reconstruction or change.   Communication needs to be explicit with the team – on the unknown and the inexplicable, what these changes will bring, and how to anticipate the same, in terms of having alternatives; setting priorities and making choices that are ones own. Communication on change can help reduce anxieties, when employees understand the larger perspective, the bigger picture that changes are often to do with helping to optimize resources rather than laying-off or depreciating employee value. Another way that managers become leaders is by possessing definite knowledge and skills that subordinates quickly recognize as credible. A chief nurse is a knowledge worker with a formal education base along with sophisticated manual skills. If this knowledge is authentic, then the leader’s formal authority is appreciated, and followers are sustained. Motivate and compensate employees: Chief nurses play a vital role in the management of human resources. Their skills are called for in selecting and hiring persons with specialized knowledge, experience, and an aptitude to deliver results collectively within given time parameters. Time or production based assessments are now replaced by results based appraisals. Appraisals help members in recognizing what is personally vital to them, and consequently helpful to achieve the team’s goal. Opportunity for High Performance: The chief nurse together with the team sets goals, develop plans, report and review collectively for enhancing future execution. Good ideas generated from the team are appreciated, and lead to collective decision-making. Teams feel motivated to perform when the results are important to their leader. Performance levels can be enhanced when the team is appropriately compensated, and appreciated for their efforts, when offered decent working environments, experience fairness, and when given further learning, training and self development opportunities. Incentive to Achieve High Performance: The role of the chief nurse is to also develop measures that are effective to measure performance. A feedback on performance helps the team to streamline future roles and responsibilities, and being aware that their contributions have had results helps them have a sense of achievement. Conclusion: Managers and leaders are separated by a thin line of divide in how they perceive their functional role, responsibilities, and style in working with people. Empowering people helps breakdown hierarchical structures, provides new logic in dealing with people dynamics, and their inherent potential. (Sorell-Jones, J., 1999). Works Cited Sorell-Jones, J. â€Å"The role of the chief nurse executive in the knowledge-intense organization of the future â€Å".Nursing Administration Quarterly. 23.3. (1999): 17-26. Tell Us Your Assignment Question We are eager to know your assignment question, so we can instantly assign one of our extremely trained and relevant writers to this job. Place the order once, and you will become a returning customer of our assignment helper online service. Order the essay now.